Fig. 4

Shaping brain networks post-stroke using non-invasive brain stimulation. a Application of 1 Hz rTMS to suppress contralesional M1 activity leads to normalization of brain activity associated with movements of the stroke-affected hand. Connectivity analyses reveal that inhibitory influences originating from M1 of the unaffected hemisphere disappear after 1 Hz treatment compared to baseline measurement or sham stimulation. From Grefkes et al. [27], with permissions. b Application of iTBS rTMS to enhance ipsilesional M1 activity in the first weeks after stroke improves recovery of grip strengths (blue: baseline measurement; red: post-intervention measurement; grey: follow-up measurements 3 months later). At the neural level, patients having received iTBS over M1 feature more robust resting-state functional connectivity of the stimulated motor cortex with ipsi- and contralesional sensorimotor areas. From Volz et al. [72], with permission