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Table 2 Comparisons of generic quality of life among individuals with TSC, as measured by the EQ-5D (German version) questionnaire, according to several potential predictors and assessed by the Kruskal–Wallis and Chi-square tests

From: Quality of life and its predictors in adults with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): a multicentre cohort study from Germany

Predictor

Measure

N

Category

Mean

± SD

95% CI

p-value*

Sociodemographic aspects

 Sex

VAS

64

Male

67.9

19.7

63.0–72.9

0.768

54

Female

66.7

21.2

60.9–72.5

Index (TTO)

64

Male

0.796

0.267

0.730–0.863

0.320

54

Female

0.843

0.257

0.773–0.914

 Age

VAS

54

18–28 y

72.0

20.4

66.4–77.6

0.020

62

29–61 y

68.2

19.6

58.3–68.2

Index (TTO)

54

18–28 y

0.834

0.238

0.769–0.898

0.309

62

29–61 y

0.800

0.286

0.727–0.873

 Employment

VAS

49

Yes

70.8

18.2

65.6–76.0

0.017

33

No

58.7

21.7

51.0–66.4

Index (TTO)

49

Yes

0.920

0.115

0.887–0.953

< 0.001†

33

No

0.661

0.341

0.540–0.782

 Grade of disability

VAS

36

0–80

72.0

15.9

66.6–77.4

0.001†

56

90–100

58.6

20.3

53.1–64.0

Index (TTO)

36

0–80

0.916

0.101

0.882–0.950

< 0.001†

56

90–100

0.681

0.318

0.596–0.766

Clinical aspects

 Mutation type

VAS

24

TSC1

72.8

18.5

65.0–80.6

0.198

30

TSC2

65.0

24.2

56.0–74.1

Index (TTO)

24

TSC1

0.803

0.288

0.682–0.924

0.662

30

TSC2

0.793

0.296

0.682–0.904

 Active epilepsy

VAS

50

Yes

60.0

20.1

54.3–65.7

0.001†

71

Sz freedom > 12 m

72.3

18.9

68.2–77.4

Index (TTO)

50

Yes

0.729

0.305

0.642–0.816

0.001†

71

Sz freedom > 12 m

0.883

0.205

0.834–0.939

 Structural brain

VAS

83

Yes

65.4

20.3

61.0–69.9

0.116

35

No

72.0

20.0

65.1–78.8

Index (TTO)

83

Yes

0.793

0.281

0.732–0.855

0.123

35

No

0.876

0.206

0.805–0.947

 SEGA

VAS

50

Yes

62.2

20.5

56.3–68.0

0.017

68

No

71.2

19.5

66.5–75.9

Index (TTO)

50

Yes

0.802

0.268

0.725–0.877

0.597

68

No

0.830

0.260

0.767–0.893

 Neuropsychiatric

VAS

60

Yes

59.1

21.4

53.5–64.7

< 0.001†

61

No

75.4

15.7

71.3–75.4

Index (TTO)

60

Yes

0.693

0.314

0.610–0.776

< 0.001†

61

No

0.938

0.107

0.911–0.966

 AML

VAS

69

Yes

65.9

21.2

60.8–71.0

0.317

49

No

69.4

19.2

63.9–74.9

Index (TTO)

70

Yes

0.805

0.276

0.739–0.872

0.979

51

No

0.835

0.244

0.765–0.906

 Lymphangioleio-myomatosis

VAS

12

Yes

67.5

12.7

59.4–75.6

0.844

106

No

67.4

21.1

63.3–71.4

Index (TTO)

12

Yes

0.819

0.320

0.615–1.023

0.839

106

No

0.818

0.257

0.768–0.867

 Skin

VAS

114

Yes

67.1

20.5

63.3–70.9

0.469

4

No

75.0

13.5

63.3–96.6

Index (TTO)

116

Yes

0.815

0.267

0.767–0.865

0.504

5

No

0.890

0.087

0.753–1.028

 Number of affected organs

VAS

30

1–3

80.9

12.3

76.3–85.5

ref.

< 0.001†

72

4–6

64.5

20.3

59.7–69.3

0.005

16

7–8

55.1

20.3

44.2–65.9

0.048

Index (TTO)

30

1–3

0.931

0.159

0.872–0.990

ref.

0.001†

72

4–6

0.805

0.264

0.743–0.867

0.037

16

7–8

0.662

0.330

0.487–0.838

0.009

Therapeutic aspects

 Anti-seizure medication polytherapya

VAS

53

Yes

62.3

20.2

61.7–74.9

0.223

37

No

68.3

19.8

57.3–68.4

Index (TTO)

53

Yes

0.759

0.282

0.682–0.837

0.081

40

No

0.851

0.250

0.767–0.934

 Everolimus

VAS

50

Yes

61.6

20.3

55.8–67.4

0.007†

68

No

71.6

19.4

66.9–76.3

Index (TTO)

50

Yes

0.772

0.286

0.691–0.854

0.141

68

No

0.851

0.241

0.793–0.910

 LAEP

VAS

34

< 35

62.6

19.7

58.3–66.9

< 0.001†

83

≥35

78.4

17.5

72.3–84.5

Index (TTO)

34

< 35

0.757

0.287

0.695–0.820

< 0.001†

83

≥35

0.960

0.093

0.928–0.993

  1. AML angiomyolipoma, CI confidence interval, EQ-5D EuroQoL-5 dimensions, TTO time-trade-off method, VAS visual analogue scale, LAEP Liverpool Adverse Events Profile, m months, QOLIE-31 Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-31 items, ref. reference category, SD standard deviation, SEGA subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, sz seizure, TSC tuberous sclerosis complex, y years
  2. aIncludes only individuals with TSC-associated epilepsy/seizures
  3. *Comparisons corrected for multiple testing using the Benjamini–Hochberg false-discovery rate method, † and bold type denotes a q-value of < 0.05 (false discovery rate)
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Neurological Research and Practice

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