Autoimmune encephalitis in children and adolescents

Table 3 Antibodies and encephalitic syndromes in children and adolescents

Antibodies against	Syndromes	Further reading
NMDAR	Encephalopathy	[25, 28]
GAD65	Limbic (and extralimbic) encephalitis, stiff-man-syndrome (SMS)/progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM)	[41,42,43,44]
LGI1	Mainly limbic encephalitis	[34, 35]
CASPR2	Mainly diffuse encephalitis, encephalopathy or seizure disorder	[34]
LGI1 and CASPR2 (double positive)	Mainly Morvan syndrome or neuromyotonia	[34]
GlyR	SMS/PERM^a	[45]
γ-aminobutyric acid-A receptor (GABAAR)	Encephalitis	[46,47,48]
γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor (GABABR)	Encephalitis with opsoclonus, ataxia, chorea, and seizures	[49]
Onconeural antigens (Hu and others)	Mostly paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis	[41, 50,51,52]
GQ1b	Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis	[40]
mGluR1	Cerebellitis	Own unpublished observation
mGluR5	Encephalitis with cognitive and psychiatric problems, seizures	[53]
Basal ganglia (dopamine receptor 2 [DR2])^b	Basal ganglia encephalitis, chorea minor Sydenham, Tourette’s syndrome	[54,55,56]

^aGlyR with syndromes different from SMS/PERM are probably non-specific [8]
^bThese antibodies were originally described in 12 pediatric patients with basal ganglia encephalitis or Sydenham chorea (chorea minor), occasionally Tourette’s syndrome (not, however, in Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections [PANDAS]) [54]. Until now, these results have not been reproduced by other laboratories

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