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Table 2 Demographics, clinical characteristics, test–retest reliability, practice effects, and reliable change indices

From: Why cognitive training is important for the health status in Parkinson’s disease: preliminary evidence from a clinical three-weeks multidisciplinary intervention

 

n

Before Intervention

n

After Intervention

d

r

M Diff (S.D.)

90% CI

Clinical characteristics

Age (years)

40

68.32 ± 8.51

 

–

–

–

–

–

Male (%)

27

67.5

 

–

–

–

–

–

Education (years)

40

13.30 ± 2.74

 

–

–

–

–

–

Disease duration (months)

40

108.67 ± 74.76

 

–

–

–

–

–

Hoehn & Yahr stage

37

2.78 ± 0.67

 

–

–

–

–

–

UPDRS III ON state

38

28.68 ± 12.47

35

20.97 ± 10.71

0.66

0,82**

7.71 (11.62)

6.89, 10.65

Medication

Parkinson medication

LEDD (mg/day)

40

713.65 ± 335.82

40

843.57 ± 437.21

− 0.33

0,79**

129.9 (389.83)

− 192.29, − 67.55

NMDA antagonists

8

-

11

–

–

–

–

–

L-Dopa

37

-

37

–

–

–

–

–

Dopamine agonists

24

-

28

–

–

–

–

–

COMT-inhibitor

5

-

19

–

–

–

–

–

MAO-β-inhibitor

6

-

5

–

–

–

–

–

Dementia-specific drugs

Cholinesterase inhibitor

7

-

8

–

–

–

–

–

Antidepressants

SSRIs

8

–

8

–

–

–

–

–

SNRIs

7

-

6

–

–

–

–

–

NaSSA

6

-

6

–

–

–

–

–

Neuroleptics

3

-

3

–

–

–

–

–

Neuropsychological variables

Screening Tests

MMSE (total)

40

27.53 ± 2.35

40

27.58 ± 2.83

− 0.02

0.65**

− 0.05 (2.60)

− 0.57, 0.47

MoCA (total)

40

24.00 ± 4.06

40

23.63 ± 3.35

0.10

0.69**

0.37 (3.72)

− 0.48, 1.18

Emotional well-being/ Psychosocial Scales

BDI-II (total)

40

12.33 ± 7.39

40

10.30 ± 6.89

0.28

0.79**

2.03 (7.15)

0.74, 3.31

SCOPA-PS (total)

40

10.53 ± 5.85

40

10.23 ± 5.77

0.05

0.75**

0.3 (5.81)

− 0.77, 1.37

Memory

Word list direct recall (VLMT)

40

4.28 ± 1.85

40

6.18 ± 6.90

− 0.38

0.35**

− 1.9 (5.05)

− 3.80, 0.01

Word list learning (VLMT)

40

38.18 ± 11.12

40

39.73 ± 11.23

− 0.14

0.76**

− 1.55 (11.18)

− 3.60, 0.50

Word list delayed recall (VLMT)

40

6.73 ± 3.97

40

6.70 ± 3.90

0.01

0.62**

0.03 (3.94)

− 0.87, 0.92

Word list recognition (VLMT)

40

7.98 ± 5.32

40

6.25 ± 5.82

0.31

0.66**

1.73 (5.58)

0.37, 3.08

Word list delayed recall—Intrusions (VLMT)

40

6.63 ± 4.90

40

7.10 ± 5.07

− 0.09

0.53**

− 0.47 (4.99)

− 1.75, 0.80

Word list delayed recall—errors (VLMT)

40

5.10 ± 4.35

40

5.53 ± 5.19

− 0.09

0.67**

− 0.43 (4.79)

− 1.46, 0.61

Figure delayed recall (MCGCF)

40

15.65 ± 9.11

40

16.95 ± 9.83

− 0.14

0.63**

− 1.3 (9.48)

− 3.40, 0.80

Digit span forward (WMS-R forward)

40

6.60 ± 1.65

40

6.93 ± 1.23

− 0.23

0.27

− 0.33(1.46)

− 0.77, 0.12

Executive

40

       

Semantic word fluency (RWT)

40

15.05 ± 6.77

40

16.38 ± 6.08

− 0.21

0.35**

− 1.33 (6.43)

− 3.30, 0.65

Formal-lexical word fluency (RWT)

40

26.20 ± 8.88

40

27.15 ± 9.99

− 0.10

0.79**

− 0.95 (9.45)

− 2.47, 0.57

Digit span backward (WMS-R backward):

40

5.28 ± 1.77

40

5.13 ± 1.40

0.09

0.57**

0.15 (1.56)

− 0.26, 0.56

TMT-B Sec

38

166.29 ± 81.10

40

160.13 ± 80.64

0.08

0.77**

6.16 (80.86)

− 3.56, 25.51

Attention

Stroop Word Reading

40

40.07 ± 11.00

40

39.75 ± 10.31

0.03

0.93**

0.32 (10.66)

− 0.95, 1.60

Stroop Color Naming

40

62.05 ± 20.40

40

59.22 ± 16.01

− 0.15

0.86**

2.83 (18.34)

− 0.76, 6.41

Stroop Interference

38

119.76 ± 36.47

38

121.87 ± 55.21

− 1.12

0.79**

− 2.11 (1.88)

− 3.70, 19.51

TMT-A Sec

40

57.08 ± 27.51

40

54.70 ± 27.26

0.09

0.78**

2.38 (27.39)

− 2.05, 6.80

TAP-Alertness (RT ms Intrinsic)

40

338.83 ± 74.65

40

333.28 ± 96.30

0.06

0.73**

5.55 (86.16)

− 11.51, 22.61

TAP-Alertness (RT ms Phasic)

40

336.95 ± 129.78

40

312.78 ± 87.45

0.22

0.66**

24.17 (110.66)

− 1.30, 49.65

TAP-GoNoGo RT ms

40

464.05 ± 91.81

40

430.22 ± 58.61

0.44

0.55**

33.83 (77.02)

13.35, 54.30

TAP-GoNoGo—errors

40

3.35 ± 3.11

40

3.78 ± 2.89

− 0.14

0.49**

− 0.43 (3.00)

− 1.32, 0.47

TAP-GoNoGo—omissions

40

1.23 ± 1.97

40

1.00 ± 1.81

0.12

0.42**

0.23 (1.89)

− 0.28, 0.73

TAP-Divided Attention – visual (RT ms)

30

1004.00 ± 186.38

19

981.00 ± 198.45

0.12

0.54*

23 (191.09)

− 29.37, 108.14

TAP-Divided Attention – visual (errors)

30

3.13 ± 3.64

19

1.79 ± 2.12

0.45

0.27

1.34 (2.98)

0.08, 2.58

TAP-Divided Attention – visual (omissions)

30

3.10 ± 2.78

19

3.79 ± 2.76

− 0.25

0.56*

− 0.69 (2.77)

− 1.49, 1.05

TAP-Divided Attention – auditory (RT ms)

29

607.41 ± 117.91

18

590.56 ± 110.80

0.15

0.65**

16.85 (114.41)

− 40.12, 52.83

TAP-Divided Attention – auditory (errors)

30

6.03 ± 5.33

20

5.85 ± 8.35

0.03

0.62

0.18 (7.00)

− 4.47, 3.83

TAP-Divided Attention – auditory (omissions)

30

0.73 ± 0.94

20

1.85 ± 4.74

− 0.33

0.76**

− 1.12 (3.42)

− 2.86, 0.65

TAP-Divided Attention – double condition – auditory (RT ms)

34

673.74 ± 159.82

35

626.29 ± 140.18

0.32

0.55**

47.45 (150.32)

− 4.75, 98.19

TAP-Divided Attention – double condition – visual (RT ms)

35

951.46 ± 208.26

37

918.84 ± 147.38

0.18

0.38*

32.62 (180.41)

− 25.18, 104.60

TAP-Divided Attention – Double condition (errors)

35

9.11 ± 8.59

37

5.49 ± 6.62

0.47

0.43*

3.62 (7.67)

1.55, 5.57

TAP-Divided Attention – Double condition (omissions)

35

5.17 ± 5.32

37

4.73 ± 4.28

0.09

0.65**

0.44 (4.83)

− 0.42, 1.48

Visuospatial

Block Tapping (CORSI)

40

4.80 ± 1.02

40

4.83 ± 0.84

− 0.03

0.56**

− 0.03 (0.93)

− 0.26, 0.21

Figure copying (MCGCF)

40

32.86 ± 6.36

40

33.23 ± 5.07

− 0.06

0.64**

− 0.37 (5.75)

− 1.28, 0.56

Language

BNT (CERAD +)

40

14.25 ± 1.57

40

14.50 ± 1.26

− 0.18

0.62**

− 0.25 (1.42)

− 0.53, 0.03

  1. Data are given as mean ± SD if not indicated otherwise. Percentages refer to the number of patients in each column if not indicated otherwise. Neuropsychological data show raw scores if not indicated otherwise. Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients were used to assess test–retest reliability
  2. BDI-II Beck’s depression inventory, BNT Boston naming test, CERAD +, Consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer’s disease-plus, LEDD Levodopa equivalent daily dose, MCGCF Medical college of georgia complex figures, MMSE Mini mental state examination, MoCA Montreal cognitive assessment, NaSSA Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants, PD Parkinson’s disease, PKB Parkinsonkomplexbehandlung, RT Reaction time, RWT Regensburger Wortflüssigkeitstest, SCOPA-PS SCales for outcomes in PArkinson's disease—PsychoSocial questionnaire; SNRI Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, SSRI Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, TAP Test of attentional performance, TMT-A Trail making test version A, TMT-B Trail making test version B, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, VLMT Verbaler Lern- und Merkfähigkeitstest, WMS-R Wechsler memory scale-revised
  3. Medication: Dopamine agonists: Piripedil, Pramipexol, Ropinirol, Rotigotin, Apomorphin, Cabergolin, Pergolid, L-Dopa: controlled Levodopa, immediate Levodopa, Stalevo, MAO-β-inhibitor: Selegilin, Rasagilin., NMDA antagonists: Amantadin, Budipin, COMT-inhibitor: Entacapon, Tolcapon, Acetycholinergics: Biperiden, Cholinesterase inhibitors: Rivastigmine, Galantamine, SSRI: Sertralin, Citalopram, Escitalopram, SNRI: Duloxetin, Venlafaxin; NaSSA: Mirtazapin, Neuroleptics: Clozapin, Quetiapin
  4. d, Unbiased Cohen’s d, r, Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient, M, mean, Diff, difference score, S.D., standard deviation, CI, confidence interval
  5. * p < 0.05
  6. ** p < 0.01
  7. *** p < 0.001
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Neurological Research and Practice

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