Table 3 Major studies on NCCT markers of hematoma expansion

Selariu 2012

Retrospective single-center [2007–2009]

203

All patients with ICD code I10.1-9

3-month mRS 4–6 and 30 days mortality

Yes

Swirl sign was independently associated with death/poor outcome after ICH

Delcourt 2016

Secondary analysis of multicenter RCT (INTERACT2) [2008–2012]

2066

Excluded if: massive hematoma with poor prognosis; GCS < 5; antihypertensive treatment initiated > 6 h after symptom onset

3-month mRS 3–6

Yes

Irregular shape, but not heterogeneous density, was independently associated with poor outcome after ICH

Boulouis 2016

Retrospective analysis of prospective single-center cohort [1994–2015]

800

Excluded if: volume < 1 cc; two or more simultaneous ICHs

3-month mRS 4–6

Yes

Hypodensities were independently associated with poor outcome

Li Q 2017

Prospective single-center [2011–2016]

252

Excluded if: anticoagulant-associated ICH

3-month mRS 4–6

Yes

Island sign was independently associated with poor outcome

Morotti 2017

Secondary analysis of multicenter RCT (ATACHII) [2010–2015]

952

Excluded if: GCS < 5; volume > 60 cc; antihypertensive treatment initiated > 4.5 h after symptom onset

3-month mRS 4–6

Yes

Hypodensities, blend sign, irregular shape and heterogeneous density were independently associated with poor outcome. Yet, there was no evidence of an interaction between CT markers and benefit from intensive BP reduction

Sporns 2018

Retrospective multicenter [2013–2017]

201

Excluded if: CTA not performed or performed > 6 h after symptom onset; anticoagulant-associated ICH

Discharge mRS 4–6

Yes

Hypodensities and swirl sign were independently associated with poor outcome

Law 2019

Secondary analysis of multicenter RCT (TICH-2) [2013–2017]

2077

Excluded if: admitted to hospital > 8 h after symptom onset; anticoagulant- associated ICH; mRS > 4; life expectancy < 3 months; GCS < 5; contraindication to tranexamic acid

3-month mRS 4–6

Yes

Black hole sign, hypodensities and island sign were independently associated with poor outcome. Yet, CT markers did not predict a better response to tranexamic acid

Quintas-Neves 2019

Retrospective single-center [2014–2017]

328

Excluded if: acquired or hereditary coagulation diseases; CT performed > 24 h after symptom onset

30 days mortality

Yes

Only irregular margins and satellite sign were independently associated with mortality, but they have suboptimal diagnostic test performances for such outcome

Our study 2022

Prospective multicenter [2016–2017]

682

All spontaneous ICH

3-month mRS 4–6 and mortality

Yes

Only baseline volume was independently associated with poor outcome and mortality