Table 3 Characterization of the validation cohort (391 patients with ischemic stroke and stroke-associated infection)
From: Derivation and validation of a screening tool for stroke-associated sepsis
Baseline data | |
|---|---|
Age, year, median (Q1-Q3) | 80 (71–86) |
Sex, female | 220 (56.3) |
Arterial hypertension | 335 (85.7) |
Dyslipidemia | 265 (67.8) |
Atrial fibrillation | 200 (51.2) |
Smoking | 78 (19.9) |
Diabetes mellitus | 125 (32.0) |
Charlson comorbidity index score, median (Q1-Q3) | 2 (1–3) |
Premorbid mRS, median (Q1-Q3) | 1 (0–3) |
Stroke characteristics and treatment | |
NIHSS score at admission, median (Q1-Q3) | 10 (5–17) |
ASPECTS at admission, median (Q1-Q3) | 7 (5–9) |
Occlusion of large intracranial arteries | 203 (51.9) |
Middle cerebral artery, M1 segment | 88 (43.3) |
Middle cerebral artery, M2 segment | 52 (25.6) |
Intracranial internal carotid artery | 35 (17.2) |
Basilar artery | 13 (6.4) |
Other | 15 (7.4) |
Stroke etiology | |
Cardioembolism | 155 (39.6) |
Large artery arteriosclerosis | 61 (15.6) |
Small vessel disease | 19 (4.9) |
Other determined etiology | 17 (4.3) |
Undetermined etiology | 139 (35.5) |
Intravenous thrombolysis | 97 (24.8) |
Endovascular therapy | 145 (37.1) |
General anesthesia for endovascular therapy | 137 (95.1) |
Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after intravenous thrombolysis or endovascular therapy | 18 (9.5) |
Treatment limitations | |
DNR | 147 (37.6) |
DNI | 132 (33.8) |
Time from admission to DNR/DNI order, days, median (Q1-Q3) | 2 (1–5) |
Further treatment limitations including comfort measures only | 79 (20.2) |
Time from admission to further treatment limitations, days, median (Q1-Q3) | 7 (3–15) |
Stroke-associated infection | |
Time from admission to diagnosis of infection, days, median (Q1-Q3) | 3 (2–6) |
Source of infection | |
Pneumonia (clinical diagnosis) | 186 (47.6) |
Pneumonia (according to PISCES criteria) | 135 (34.5) |
Urinary tract infection (clinical diagnosis) | 170 (43.5) |
Urinary tract infection (according to CDC criteria) | 18 (4.6) |
Other | 31 (7.9) |
Undetermined | 41 (10.5) |
COVID-19 | 17 (4.3) |
Evidence of a pathogenic organism in body fluid cultures | 198 (50.6) |
Antibiotic therapy | 370 (94.6) |
Time from diagnosis of infection to antibiotic therapy, hours, median (Q1-Q3) | 1.4 (0.13–4.12) |
Sepsis (diagnosis according to Sepsis-3 definition) | 129 (33.0) |
Clinical outcome at discharge | |
NIHSS, median (Q1-Q3) | 5 (3–11) |
mRS, median (Q1-Q3) | 4 (3–5) |
Barthel index, median (Q1-Q3) | 25 (10-62.5) |
Length of stay, d, median (Q1-Q3) | 13 (7–19) |
ICU treatment | 95 (24.3) |
Death | 72 (18.4) |
Clinical outcome at 3 months | |
mRS, median (Q1-Q3) | 5 (3–6) |
mRS 0 | 4 (1.0) |
mRS 1 | 21 (5.4) |
mRS 2 | 20 (5.1) |
mRS 3 | 56 (14.4) |
mRS 4 | 87 (22.3) |
mRS 5 | 60 (15.3) |
Death (mRS 6) | 142 (36.3) |
Functional independency (mRS 0–2) | 45 (11.5) |
Unfavourable outcome (mRS 4–6) | 289 (74.1) |
Poor outcome (mRS 5–6) | 202 (51.7) |