Table 3 Neuropsychological and MRI characteristics of patients per group

Neuropsychological measures, median (IQR)

MMSE, total score

174

29 (27–30)

28 (23–29)

23 (20–26)

H(2) = 46.987, p < 0.001

MoCA, total score

169

24 (21–27)

22 (16–27)

18 (14–21)

H(2) = 31.102, p < 0.001

TMT A (time to complete), z-score

119

− 0.43 (− 0.7–(− 0.2))

− 0.52 (− 0.8–(− 0.2))

− 0.2 (− 0.9–0.3)

H(2) = 2.989, p = 0.224

TMT B (time to complete), z-score

69

− 0.39 (− 0.6–0.1)

− 0.48 (− 0.7–(− 0.1))

0.34 (− 0.3–2.6)

H(2) = 10.586, p = 0.005

Semantic Verbal Fluency, z-score

175

− 0.01(− 0.8–0.8)

− 0.42(− 0.9–0.9)

− 0.75 (− 1.5–(− 0.1))

H(2) = 11.620, p = 0.003

Naming, z-score

173

0.12 (− 1.8–0.6)

− 1.25 (− 3.4–0.4)

− 1.9 (− 3.0–(− 0.4))

H(2) = 18.355, p < 0.001

Verbal memory—1^st trial learning, z-score

175

− 0.44 (− 1.0–0.4)

− 0.75 (− 2.8–0.1)

− 1.45 (− 2.8–(− 0.4))

H(2) = 16.904, p < 0.001

Verbal memory—total learning, z-score

175

− 0.07 (− 1.0–0.7)

− 1.0 (− 2.7–0.6)

− 1.45 (− 2.6–(− 0.8))

H(2) = 27.930, p < 0.001

Verbal memory—delayed recall, z-score

175

0.13 (− 0.9–0.9)

0.16 (− 1.3–0.8)

− 1.06 (− 1.8–0.8)

H(2) = 28.086, p < 0.001

Verbal memory—intrusions, z-score

172

− 0.69 (− 1.3–(− 0.4))

− 0.69 (− 2.3–− 0.4)

− 0.69 (− 3.4–0.1)

H(2) = 1.303, p = 0.521

Verbal memory—recognition, z-score

175

0.37 (− 0.7–0.9)

0.70 (− 1.2–0.8)

− 1.1 (− 2.1–0.2)

H(2) = 19.527, p < 0.001

MRI visual ratings, median (IQR) or n (%)

MTA averaged score

160

0.85 (0–1)

1.51 (1–2)

1.25 (1–2)

H(2) = 19.8139, p < 0.001

Severe MTA—right hemisphere, n (%)

160

7 (11.1%)

17 (40.5%)

33 (41.2%)

Severe MTA—left hemisphere, n (%)

160

11 (17.5%)

19 (45.2%)

35 (43.8%)

Posterior atrophy (Koedam) score

161

1 (0–1)

1 (1–2)

2 (1–2)

H(2) = 13.484, p = 0.001

Severe posterior atrophy, n (%)

161

11 (17.5%)

12 (28.6%)

34 (42.5%)

WMH severity (Fazekas score)

160

1 (0–1)

1 (1–2)

1(1–2)

H(2) = 5.922, p = 0.052

Severe WMH, n (%)

160

9 (14.3%)

13 (31%)

18 (22.5%)