Variable | All patientsa (N = 353) | No strokea (N = 257) | IE and strokea (N = 96) | p-valueb | Odds Ratioc | CI (95%)c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, (median, IQR) | 69 [56–77] | 69 [56; 77] | 68 [59; 78] | 0.989 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 |
Sex, male (n, %) | 253 (71.7%) | 179 (69.6%) | 74 (77.1%) | 0.168 | 1.47 | 0.85–2.53 |
Vascular risk factors | ||||||
Arterial hypertension | 258 (73.1%) | 188 (73.2%) | 70 (72.9%) | 0.965 | 0.99 | 0.58–1.68 |
Dyslipidemia | 157 (44.5%) | 112 (43.6%) | 45 (46.9%) | 0.579 | 1.14 | 0.71–1.83 |
Diabetes mellitus | 99 (28.0%) | 69 (26.8%) | 30 (31.3%) | 0.413 | 1.24 | 0.74–2.07 |
Coronary artery disease | 115 (32.6%) | 86 (33.5%) | 29 (30.2%) | 0.562 | 0.86 | 0.52–1.43 |
Atrial fibrillation | 110 (31.2%) | 84 (32.7%) | 26 (27.1%) | 0.312 | 0.77 | 0.46–1.29 |
Preexisting antithrombotic treatment | 212 (60.1%) | 159 (61.9%) | 53 (55.2%) | 0.256 | 0.76 | 0.47–1.22 |
Previous stroke | 54 (15.3%) | 40 (15.6%) | 14 (14.6%) | 0.820 | 0.93 | 0.48–1.79 |
Congenital heart disease (e.g. bicuspid aortic valve) | 28 (7.9%) | 26 (10.1%) | 2 (2.1%) | 0.013 | 0.19 | 0.04–0.81 |
Prosthetic heart valve | 135 (38.2%) | 102 (39.7%) | 33 (34.4%) | 0.361 | 0.80 | 0.49–1.30 |
Intracardiac medical devices other than artificial heart valves (e.g. MitraClip, ICD, pacemaker) | 74 (21.0%) | 63 (24.5%) | 11 (11.5%) | 0.007 | 0.40 | 0.20–0.79 |
Previous heart disease other than congenital heart disease | 111 (31.4%) | 88 (34.2%) | 23 (24.0%) | 0.064 | 0.61 | 0.35–1.03 |
Pathogen isolated in blood culture | 0.013 | 0.79 | 0.69–0.89 | |||
Staphylococcus aureus | 91 (25.8) | 56 (21.8%) | 35 (36.5%) | |||
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 37 (10.5%) | 31 (12.1%) | 6 (6.3%) | |||
Enterococcus faecalis | 37 (10.5%) | 27 (10.5%) | 10 (10.4%) | |||
Staphylococcus mitis/oralis | 24 (6.8%) | 19 (7.4%) | 5 (5.2%) | |||
Atypical | 118 (33.4%) | 97 (37.7%) | 21 (21.9%) | |||
No pathogen found | 46 (13.0%) | 27 (10.5%) | 19 (19.8%) | |||
Affected side of heart | ||||||
Left heart affected | 307 (87.0%) | 212 (82.5%) | 95 (99.0%) | < 0.001 | 20.17 | 2.74-148.46 |
Right heart affected | 50 (14.2%) | 49 (19.1%) | 1 (1.0%) | < 0.001 | 0.05 | 0.01–0.33 |
Focus of infection identified | 127 (36.0%) | 94 (36.6%) | 33 (34.4%) | 0.618 | 0.88 | 0.54–1.45 |
Dental focus of infection | 29 (8.2%) | 17 (6.6%) | 12 (12.5%) | 0.073 | 2.59 | 1.07–6.26 |
Spondylodiscitis as focus of infection | 25 (7.1%) | 17 (6.6%) | 8 (8.3%) | 0.575 | 1.28 | 0.54–3.08 |
Catheter associated focus of infection | 18 (5.1%) | 15 (5.8%) | 3 (3.1%) | 0.303 | 0.52 | 0.15–1.84 |
Other organ manifestations | ||||||
Spondylodiscitis | 29 (8.2%) | 21 (8.2%) | 8 (8.3%) | 0.961 | 1.02 | 0.44–2.39 |
Metastatic abscess | 41 (11.6%) | 28 (10.9%) | 13 (13.5%) | 0.490 | 1.28 | 0.63–2.59 |
Extracerebral arterial embolic events | 78 (22.1%) | 42 (16.3%) | 36 (37.5%) | < 0.001 | 3.07 | 1.81–5.21 |
Acute kidney failure requiring HD | 76 (21.5%) | 49 (19.1%) | 27 (28.1%) | 0.065* | 1.66 | 0.97–2.86 |
Acute liver failure | 38 (10.8%) | 19 (7.4%) | 19 (19.8%) | < 0.001 | 3.09 | 1.56–6.14 |